Tropospheric ozone-induced structural changes in leaf mesophyll cell walls in grapevine plants

The structural changes in leaves of grapevine plants (Vitis vinifera L.) exposed to different ozone concentrations were investigated. Ozone fumigations were performed in open-top chambers at four different ozone levels (charcoal-filtered air (F), ambient air (N), ambient air + 25 mm³m⁻³ ozone (O-25) and ambient air + 50 mm³m⁻³ ozone (O-50)). The leaves of plants from chambers with increased ozone concentrations (O-25 and O-50) were significantly thicker than the controls (F), owing to increased thickness of the mesophyll layer. Observing O-50 leaves, it was found that the mesophyll cell wall displayed structural changes. In some places cell wall thickness increased up to 1 μm. We found callose deposits on the inner side of the cell walls of mesophyll cells. These data are in accord with the concept that the mesophyll cell wall acts as a barrier against the penetration of tropospheric ozone into the cells.     

Contrasting foliar responses to drought in Quercus ilex and Phillyrea latifolia

Leaf morphology, longevity, and demography were examined in Quercus ilex and Phillyrea latifolia growing in a holm oak forest in Prades mountains (northeast Spain). Four plots (10 × 15 m) of this forest were submitted to an experimental drought during three years (soil moisture was reduced about 15 %). Leaf area, thickness and leaf mass per area ratio (LMA) were measured in sun and shade leaves of both species. Leaf longevity, the mean number of current-year shoots produced per previous-year shoot (Sn/Sn-1), the mean number of current-year leaves per previous-year shoot (Ln/Sn-1), and the percentage of previous-year shoots that developed new ones were measured once a year, just after leaf flushing. LMA and leaf thickness increased since leaf unfolding except in summer periods, when stomatal closure imposed low photosynthetic rates and leaves consumed their reserves. LMA, leaf area, and leaf thickness were higher in Q. ilex than in P. latifolia, but leaf density was higher in the latter species. Drought reduced the leaf thickness and the LMA of both species ca. 2.5 %. Drought also increased leaf shedding up to ca. 20 % in Phillyrea latifolia and decreased it up to ca. 20 % in Q. ilex. In the later species, Sn/Sn-1 decreased by 32 %, Ln/Sn-1 by 41 %, percentage of shoots developed new ones by 26 %, and leaf area by 17 %. Thus the decrease of leaf number and area was stronger in the less drought-resistant Q. ilex, which, under increasingly drier conditions, might lose its current competitive advantage in these Mediterranean holm oak forests.     

Effects of Nutrient Enrichment on Decomposition and Fungal Colonization of Sweet Chestnut Leaves in an Iberian Stream (Central Portugal)

This study assessed the effect of nutrient enrichment on rates of decomposition, ergosterol concentrations (as a measure of fungal biomass), and rates of fungal sporulation of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Miller) leaves in a 3rd order stream (Central Portugal), with medium to high background values of nutrients. Coarse and fine mesh leaf bags were attached to nutrient diffusing substrata containing NaNO₃, KH₂PO₄, both nutrients, or no additions. Leaf breakdown rates were similar in the four treatments and in the two mesh sizes (k=−0.0155 to −0.0219 day⁻¹). Phosphorus content of P or N + P enriched leaves was higher than in the other treatments after 28 days, but there were no differences in N concentrations. Ergosterol concentrations associated with decomposing leaves were similar among treatments. The peak sporulation rates of aquatic hyphomycetes were stimulated by the addition of N + P and N but not by P alone. Results from the experiment provide evidence that leaf breakdown in the study stream, as a model for streams with naturally medium to high level of nutrients, was not nutrient-limited, and that fungal reproductive activity was limited by dissolved N but not by dissolved P in stream water.     

Macroinvertebrate succession during leaf litter breakdown in a perennial karstic river in Western Brazil

Leaf litter is a major basal resource to stream ecosystems, but few studies addressed their role in karst systems, mainly in intermittent springs and lakes. Patterns of resource use in perennial rivers are poorly known, although the input of leaf litter strongly influences macroinvertebrate assemblage structure. In this study, we evaluated the structure of macroinvertebrate assemblages along the decomposition of leaf litter in a tropical karst river, using leaf litter cages made of coarse nylon mesh (25 mm) to allow colonization by macroinvertebrates. The experiment was followed weekly for 10 weeks. The assemblages were dominated by snails (90.5% of total fauna), hyalellid amphipods, and larval chironomid midges, with highest abundances in the intermediate stages of the experiment, resulting in a gradient in assemblage structure. The large abundance of snails, which are common in other karst systems, suggest that this group may have an important role in decomposer food webs, facilitating or directly contributing to leaf breakdown. Electronic supplementary material Electronic supplementary material is available for this article at and accessible for authorised users.     

添加氮肥对沙地樟子松幼苗生物量分配与叶片生理特性的影响

设计5个氮肥(NH4NO3)添加水平(g.m-2):0(CK)、10.0(N1)、20.0(N2)、40.0(N3)和50.0(N4),研究了沙地樟子松幼苗生长与生理学指标的季节变化。结果表明,添加氮肥促进了幼苗的高生长、相对生长速率、单株总生物量的增加,对叶片相对含水量没有影响;N4水平促进了叶片脯氨酸含量的积累。单叶重、株高、地径、叶重比、叶绿素(a b)、叶绿素a以及叶绿素b含量等均在N3水平下达到最大值。在1个生长季的观测中,添加氮肥主要促进了樟子松幼苗在5~7月份的生长,其中N3水平对樟子松幼苗生长发育的促进作用最大。     

不同大气校正方法对森林叶面积指数遥感估算影响的比较

利用TM原始图像以及经过6S模型和基于影像自身的Gilabert模型大气校正后的地面绝对反射率图像,分别计算了褒河流域阔叶林和针阔混交林2种林型的5类光谱植被指数(SR、NDVI、MNDVI、ARVI和RSR),并建立各林型森林叶面积指数与同时相的各个植被指数的相关关系。结果表明,2种大气校正模型均显著提高了各植被指数与森林叶面积指数的相关关系,除了对森林叶面积指数与植被指数SR和NDVI的相关关系影响不显著外,对森林叶面积指数与植被指数MNDVI、ARVI和RSR相关关系的影响均非常显著。说明不同大气校正模型对叶面积指数的遥感估算结果有较大影响。因此,在利用遥感数据进行定量分析、信息提取和生态遥感应用时,不仅要进行大气校正,而且还要慎重选择大气校正模型和植被指数。     

中国拳参属(蓼科)植物叶脉序式样的研究

用清净标本制作法对中国产拳参属（Bistorta）（蓼科）12种1变种植物的叶脉序式样在光镜下进行了比较研究。结果表明,叶脉序式样可分为3种类型：（1）环结曲行羽状脉,边缘末级脉不完全,加粗且外卷;（2）环结曲行荆状脉,二级脉与其余各级脉近等粗,边缘末级脉具边脉,不加粗;（3）直行羽状脉,盲脉无或偶有,边缘末级脉不完全,不加粗。依据叶脉序式样,结合其植物习性及外部形态特征,将拳参属植物划分为3个组：拳参组section Bistortu,乌饭树叶蓼组section Vacciniifolia F．Z．Li,L．X．Liu ＆ Y．T．Hou,sect．nov．和匍枝蓼组section Bambuphyllum F．Z．Li,L．X．Liu ＆ Y．T．Hou,sect．nov．。     

枣树离体叶片不定芽再生体系建立的研究

建立了木枣无菌试管苗快繁体系,以无菌苗叶片为外植体,对影响离体叶片不定芽直接再生的因素进行了研究.试验结果表明,TDZ比BA能更有效地诱导叶片不定芽的再生;褐化是抑制不定芽再生频率提高的关键因子,培养基中添加PVP、V c及改变生长素的种类和浓度均不能促进不定芽再生;添加A gNO3能够减轻褐化并可以大幅度提高再生频率,同时培养初期经过3周避光培养更有利于提高再生效率.因此,以附加2.0 m g/L TDZ和0.2 m g/L IBA的M S培养基,并添加5.0 m g/L A gNO3,可以高效诱导木枣离体叶片不定芽再生,再生频率最高达98.3%.不定芽在附加0.2 m g/L IBA和0.5 m g/L GA3的M S培养基上进行继代伸长培养,当不定芽长至3 cm时,转接至附加0.4 m g/L IBA的1/2 M S培养基上可以良好地诱导生根.     

枇杷叶的化学成分

枇杷叶系蔷薇科（Rosaceae）枇杷属植物枇杷[Eriobotrya japonica（Thunb．）Lindl．]的干燥叶,为常用中药,收载于历版《中华人民共和国药典》中。枇杷叶归肺、胃经,具清肺止咳、降逆止呕的作用,用于治疗肺热咳嗽、气逆喘气、胃热呕逆及烦热口渴之症状。目前,已经从枇杷叶中分离出三萜酸、黄酮类、多酚、倍半萜及其苷类等成分,对其药效的研究主要集中在三萜酸的抗炎心、降血糖和抗病毒活性等方面。     

星星草营养器官适应盐胁迫的结构特征

采用0．6％Na2CO3胁迫处理星星草[Puccinellia tenuiflora（Turcz．）Scribn．et Merr．]幼苗,光镜和电镜观察其根和叶的显微和超微结构。结果表明,星星草根的表皮向外突出形成密集的根毛;外皮层由1～2层细胞组成,排列较紧密;中皮层薄壁细胞排列疏松,形成发达的通气组织;内皮层呈典型的五面加厚;中柱鞘排列紧密,其壁加厚;初生木质部与初生韧皮部相间排列,初生木质部为5～7原型,中央为后生木质部导管,无髓存在。叶的表皮有表皮毛和丰富的蜡质层;叶上表皮泡状细胞数目较少,且深陷;气孔下陷,其下有较大的气室;叶脉有大、中、小3种维管束,大、中型维管束为C3型,小型维管束为C4型。星星草可能是介于C3和C4植物之间的类型,具有耐盐碱及耐干旱特征。